Deduce the number of additional bits required to transmit a message comprising one hundred $8-$bit characters over a data link using each of the following transmission control schemes: a$)$ Asynchronous with one start bit and two stop bits per character and a single start$-$of$-$frame and end$-$of$-$frame character per message. Synchronous with two synchronization characters and a single start$-$of$-$frame and end$-$of frame character per message.