DEF Enterprises issued 5-year bonds with a face value of $100,000 and a stated interest rate of 6%. The bonds were issued at a discount, with a market interest rate of 8%. Requirements: a. Calculate the amount of cash received from the issuance of bonds. b. Determine the annual interest expense using the effective interest method for the first year. c. Prepare the journal entry to record the interest expense for the first year. d. Calculate the carrying value of the bonds at the end of the first year.