1. Define what a z-score (or z-statistic) does - why is it useful when attempting to describe one value (like a score or a sample mean) to another value (like a population mean)?
2. What is the difference between standard deviation and standard error?
3. How do we calculate a confidence interval? Describe the steps in the formula for calculating a confidence interval for a z-statistic or t-statistic.
4. What is the difference between a directional and a non-directional hypothesis test?