Describe the principles of mass transfer and its applications in chemical engineering processes. Discuss the different modes of mass transfer, such as diffusion, convection, and mass transfer coefficients. Explain the factors affecting mass transfer rates in various systems, including concentration gradients, temperature, pressure, and surface area. Illustrate how mass transfer principles are utilized in industrial processes like distillation, absorption$,$ and extraction. Provide examples to demonstrate the significance of mass transfer in improving process efficiency and product quality.