Determine which of the following cash flows are incremental cash flows that should be incorporated into an NPV calculation. Explain why or why not each example represents an incremental cash flow.

a. The sale of an old machine, when a company is replacing property, plant, and equipment for a new product launch.

b. The cost of research and development for a new product concept (conducted over the past year) that is now being applied to a product launch.

c. The tuition reimbursement that Jane MacKintosh's employer paid her for her MBA degree from Athabasca University, which she completed last month. Jane has been involved in the analysis of her company's new project and claimed that her MBA courses provided the just-in-time skills she needed for the project.

d. New equipment purchased for a project.

e. The annual depreciation expense on new equipment purchased for a project.

f. Rental income that was forgone from a previously unused warehouse owned by the company, which is now being used in a new product launch.

g. Net working capital expenditure of $5 million in year 0, $6 million in year 1, $7 million in year 2, $7 million in year 3, and $5 million in year 4 (the last year of the project). How should the net working capital expenditures be included, and by how much each year?

h.A dividend payment that was funded in part by a project's contribution to the net income for that year.

i. Increased debt financing costs of 1% due to a lawsuit against the company's CEO (for misconduct), occurring just before a project is about to launch.

j. Proposed new provincial environmental protection legislation that could lead to a 0.5% increase in the cost of diesel fuel consumed by all the company trucks