directions: In 2013, Sherman et al. conducted a study to examine how different forms of communication (text messaging, vs. video chat vs. telephone conversation) can influence feelings of closeness and bonding among friends. They instructed participants to come into the lab with their best friend, and randomly assigned them to engage in a 5-minute conversation in one of the three modalities (text message, video chat, or phone conversations). After the conversation, they measured feelings of closeness on a scale of 1-20. Let's imagine that you decided to replicate this study with 45 participants (15 participants in each group). You can find the data in the questions below.

U will have to figure out whether the three groups are different.

1. What is the appropriate test statistic to calculate to figure out if the three groups differ?

A. z test

B. Independent sample t-test

C. an ANOVA (F test)

D. Dependent samplet-test

2. State the null hypothesis.

A. Ho: 1 = 2 = 3

B. Ho: X1 X2 X3

3. State the alternative hypothesis

A. H1: 1 = 2 = 3

B. H1: X1 X2 X3

4. What is the acceptable level of risk?

A. P = .5

B. P <.1

C. p <.05

D. P >.05

This is the dataset for each group. I suggest you downloadthe table to help.

Text Message	Video Chat	Phone Conversation
4	11	10
6	10	8
5	9	9
10	13	10
12	12	5
11	14	3
5	14	12
10	13	4
6	14	8
9	10	8
12	11	9
10	9	10
11	8	5
4	9	10
6	7	4

5. There are lots of steps we need to take before we can calculate the final test statistic. Let's break it down into steps. What is the Sum of Squares (SS) between? Please round your answer to two decimal places.

6. Now let's see what's the Sum of Squares (SS) within?

7. what's the Mean Squares Within (MSwithin)? Remember, you'll need to calculate the DF to figure this one out!

8. What's the Mean Squares Between (MSBetween)?

9. Now we're ready to calculate the test statistic. What is the F statistic value? Round ur answer to two decimal places.

10. What is the df between (also known as the df Numerator)?

A. df = 2

B. df = 27

C. df = 3

D. df = 30

11. What is the df within (also known as the df Demominator)?

12. What is the critical value? (Remember, if you cannot find the exact DF denominator value in the table, you should look for the closest number that is there).

13. Based on the critical value and the obtained value, do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?

A. Fail to reject the null hypothesis

B. Reject the null hypothesis

14. Based on ur answer to the previous question, should we run a post hoc test.

A. Yes

B. No

15. Put ur results as if you would see them in a r e s e a r c h p a p e r. Be sure that u include the means and standard deviations for each group in your answer, as well as a sentence or two explaining the results! You do not need to calculate or include the post-hoc test here.

Below is a table that shows computer output for a Tukey Post-Hoc test for the ANOVA you just calculated (comparing the text message group, the phone conversation group, and the video chat group on their ratings of closeness to their friends).

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Closeness
Tukey HSD
(I) Group	(J) Group	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig (p).
Text Message	Video Chat	-2.87*	.97958	.0159
Phone	0.40	.97958	.9732
Video Chat	Text Message	2.87*	.97958	.0159
Phone	3.27*	.97958	.0054
Phone	Text Message	-0.40	.97958	.9732
Video Chat	-3.27*	.97958	.0054

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

16. Based on the Tukey Post-Hoc table (above), is there a significant difference between the text and video groups? You may have to spend some time looking at the table and trying to interpret what each column means.

A. Yes

B. No

17.Based on the Tukey Post-Hoc table (above), is there a significant difference between the text and phone groups? You may have to spend some time looking at the table and trying to interpret what each column means.

A. No

B. Yes

18. Based on the Tukey Post-Hoc table (above), is there a significant difference between the video and phone groups? You may have to spend some time looking at the table and trying to interpret what each column means.

A.Yes

B. No