Discuss how associational life has reflected racial segregation in America and how labor unions and ethnic national groups have responded differently to racial discrimination. Explain the racial disparities in civil participation between whites and nonwhites. Why are people of color less likely to participate in voluntary associations and/or participate in community activities? Do any of these ideas about associational life help to explain your own participation or lack of participation? Will you be more or less likely after learning about associational life to join or participate in these types of activities?