Discuss how cultural and societal factors influence gender roles in the context of Neculaesei's argument that the roles are the product of communication. To answer this question, refer to document "LJU4801, Article 1".

Communication of role differences Firstly, we draw attention to the importance of communication in the transmission of gender role, starting right from the meaning given to culture by the anthropologist Hall (1984), the father of intercultural communication: "Culture is communication and communication is culture". Role differences between sexes (culturally determined) are a product of communication, but at the same time, they influence communication (we may speak about a circular causality). Communication shapes the lives of individuals. Attitudes, mentalities, positions towards action and generated solutions are transmitted by communication. All these influence human behaviours and behaviours that have moral consequences. Therefore, communication involves moral responsibility (Mulvaney, 1994). In fact, communication (verbal, nonverbal, implicit, explicit) is the process that teaches us to be male or female, that means to behave accordingly to the gender. From childhood we have learnt different linguistic practices, culturally associated with gender behaviours. "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman" said Simone de Beauvoir (2006/1949), appreciating the role of culture and thereby of communication in shaping the role of women in society, and the ensuing consequences. Religious, mythical, philosophical and political discourses transmit us values and norms about our roles based on gender: permissions - what do (can do) a man / woman, prohibitions - what cannot or should not be done by a man / woman, how it should be done etc. Some communication behaviours acceptable for boys / men are considered completely inappropriate for girls / women. In this way, differences in the manner of learning the language use and actual use occur. Therefore, the language itself reflects the social role: for women, communication is the essence of a relationship through the transfer of emotions and feelings, firstly; for men, communication is a form in which they exercise control, keep or demonstrate independence, improve their status, generally by transmission of information (data and facts presented in an analytical manner). Consequently, communication models (conversational style, linguistic strategies, conversational ritual, nonverbal behaviour, manner of use of space and time) differ between sexes (Mulvaney, 1994, Hofstede er al., 2012).Angelica-Nicoleta NECULAESEI (ONEA) Alexandru loan Cuza University of Iasi CULTURE AND GENDER Theoretical article ROLE DIFFERENCES Keywords Gender Role, Culture, Geert Hofstede, Masculinity Femininity, Gender stereotypes, Feminism. JELL Classification M14; 210 Abstract Culture influences thinking, language and human behaviour. The social environment, in which individuals are born and live, shapes their attitudinal, emotional and behavioural reactions and the perceptions about what is happening around. The same applies in the case of assigned/ assumed roles in society based on gender. Cultural dimensions that reflect differences in gender roles, but also elements related to the ethics of sexual difference were highlighted by many researchers. The presentation of these issues from the interdisciplinary perspective is the subject of this article. Briefly, the article refers to: importance of communication in transmission of roles of those two sexes, cultural dimensions that reflect role differences invarious cultures, discrimination issues and ethics of sexual difference