Discussion Based on Mr. Howard's TED Talk in "The Four Ways to Fix a Broken Legal System. He mentions 1.Judge law mainly by its effect on society, not individual situations 2.trust in law is an essential condition of freedom. Distrust skews behavior towards failure 3.Law must set boundaries protecting an open field of freedom, not intercede in all disputes Using the words: Administrative Agency, Deep State, and Liberty, how do they relate to the passage below: President Jackson declared that he got to decide who served in the bureaucracy and that government work was something that any ordinary American could do. Thus was inaugurated a 100-year period known as the spoils system, in which virtually every U.S. official from cabinet ministers to lowly postmasters got their job due to political patronage. Though the Jeffersonian ideal of ordinary citizens governing themselves sounds great in principle, the reality of American government in the 19th century was massive corruption and incompetence, with major cities being run by political patronage machines like Tammany Hall in New York. Under the spoils system, U.S. officials from cabinet ministers to lowly postmasters got their jobs due to political patronage. By contrast, Britain, France, Germany and several other European countries reformed their governments by creating permanent, professional bureaucracies in the first half of the 19th century. The U.S. was late in making this shiftlargely due to a political culture that is intensely suspicious of government itself. The modern American state was initiated only with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883, which established a Civil Service Commission that would hire workers on the basis of merit rather than political connections. The Pendleton Act could be passed only as a result of the 1881 assassination of the newly elected President James Garfield, who was shot by a disappointed office-seeker. Even so, it wasn't until World War I that a majority of federal workers were appointed under the merit-based system. Creation of a modern state was the rallying cry of the great figures of the Progressive Era, such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, who understoodlike Hamiltonthat modern government was highly complex and required officials with education, expertise and a dedication to public service. There is no clearer illustration of American exceptionalism than the country's continuing discomfort with its own bureaucracy. Wealthy democracies in Europe and Asia take it for granted that an impersonal state is needed to protect citizens from threats and eschew corruption. In the U.S., by contrast, patronage remains rampant. When a typical European parliamentary government changes hands from one party to another, the ministers and a handful of staffers turn over. In the U.S., a change of administration (even within the same party) opens up some 5,000 "Schedule C" job positions to political appointees