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The author defines the scientific method as being a method that is used without noticing that it is being used. The reason for the scientific method to be used by so many in the western hemisphere is due to our education. "However, as this method became the standard way of thinking in Western societies, it resulted in extreme individualism (loss of the natural relationship between parts of the whole), reductionism (trying to understand complex problems by looking at parts of them apart from the context around them, resulting in solutions that do not work in real life), linear thinking (trying to understand problems by simple cause-effect explanations that ignore multiple reflexive influences), and extreme objectivism (the idea that knowledge can only come through this scientific method; anything subjective is disregarded" (Goldenberg, 2016, p. 84). Going beyond the scientific method involves looking at the systems and understanding there are additional ways of solving issues aside from the scientific method as it can cause extreme individualism and linear thinking as mentioned above. Systemic thinking helps in understanding mental health issues as it allows for a greater understanding of social systems and family functioning (Goldenberg, 2016).

Different elements of Adlerian therapy can help to explain how a system influences an individual. According to Goldenberg (2016) "basic principles include the promotion of a new understanding and insight about purposes, goals, and behaviors; the enhancement of skills and knowledge in such areas as communication, problem solving, and conflict resolution; the increase of social interests and positive connections with others; and the encouragement of commitment to ongoing growth and change" (p. 162). Adler therapy is used with families and couples who are married with different specific goals. The idea is to help families focus on realistic goals both individually and as a whole.

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