Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage?

For Questions 6-8, write

YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

6. Studies on animals enable scientists to see the sounds the animals are responding to.

7. It is possible for people who have lost their speech to speak without machines in the future.

8. Future studies will need to include more speech sounds to be tested.

Questions 9 - 10 (4 Marks)

Write short answers to the following questions.

9. How can the study done by Pasley and colleagues help people who have lost their speech but still have active brains?

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10. What makes Pasley and colleagues' study significant?

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SECTION B (15 MARKS)

In a paragraph of not more than 120 words, write a summary on the argument that peer influence is more important than parental influence in a child's development, according to the passage. You should use your own words as far as possible. You will be given up to 10 marks for the content of your summary,and up to 5 marks for the style and accuracy of your language.

Peer and Parental Influence in a Child's Development.

Most psychologists have said that children's behaviour is largely influenced by genes and parent's upbringing. Freud the psychologist placed parents at the centre of the child's universe.

Genes are responsible for 50% of our behaviour. This conclusion was the result of years of study by behavioural scientists. People are nervous, friendly, unsociable and so on because of their genes. Therefore the other half of a person's character must be due to the home environment shaped by the parents. `That was how I was raised!' is a common response.

Yet researchers have not been able to find conclusive evidence of this parental influence. Nervous parents do not always have nervous children, and confident parents do not necessarily have confident children. In other words, it is not always true that children turn out according to the way they are raised.

There is a new theory that gives a different view of how a child's personality is shaped. It is shaped more by the child's peers than his parents. Growing children try to distance themselves from the adults in their home environment. They are more interested in keeping up with other children than copying their parents. They want to be like others in their age group. They are influenced by their peers where food, clothes, language and other aspects are concerned. A child who refuses to eat his spinach would often do so if he sees another child accepting the spinach. Mothers who try to set an example by eating spinach heartily often fail to persuade their children to eat the hated vegetable.

Sometimes growing children are not accepted by their peers. They become miserable when this happens. A survey showed that 9% of the adolescents questioned blamed their parents for their unhappiness. More than 33% blamed their peers. If this observation is true, then parental influence is less important than what it was thought to be.

Children learn a lot about growing up from their peers. What children pick up from other children is as important if not more important than what they pick up at home. What is the evidence for this?

There are several examples of children being different from expectations. Surveys of children of immigrants show that the majority of them do not speak with their parents' accents. Other surveys show that children of deaf mute parents learn how to speak as well as children whose parents speak to them from the day they were born. Adopted children develop few traits similar to their adoptive parents and in different directions from their natural born siblings in spite of being raised in the same way.

Other observations stress on how children behave differently when they are at home from when they are in school. Negative behaviour at home does not mean negative behaviour at school. Children who refuse to do the smallest chores at home could bring home school reports praising them for being helpful in school The ones who are timid at home are quite capable of being in control or even aggressive among friends.

Children are not as delicate as many believe them to be. They are not easily damaged, by their parents' mistakes. Furthermore, children can be cruel to one another. The world out there is tough for children. But they find ways to adapt themselves to it.