Dogs are inbred for such desirable characteristics as color; but an unfortunate by-product of such inbreeding can be the emergence of characteristics such as deafness. A 1992 study of bull terriers (by Strain and others, as reported inThe Veterinary Journal) found the following:

(i)50% of the studied bull terriers are white.

(ii)11% of the studied bull terriers are deaf.

(iii)20%

of the white bull terriersare deaf.

Based on the results of this study is "being white" independent of "being deaf"?

A. No, since .50 is not equal to .20.

B. No, since .50 * .11 is not equal to .20.

C. No, since .11 is not equal to .20.

D. Yes, since .50 * .11 is not equal to .20.

E. Yes, since .11 is not equal to .20.