Dominated portfolios according to the Markowitz Portfolio Theory can be best described by the following:

1. Sub optimal portfolios which are comprised of too many low yielding securities;
2. Sub optimal portfolios which are comprised of too many risky securities;
3. Sub optimal portfolios because other choices on the same investment curve offer choices with higher returns with equal or lower risk;
4. Sub optimal portfolios because other choices on the same investment curve offer choices with lower risk with equal or higher returns
5. Only c and d