Donovan has told a prospect that he represents Long Life Insurance Co. and would like to offer her one of Long Life's new annuity policies. Donovan does not have a relationship with Long Life, but when it receives the annuity application signed by the prospect and by Donovan, Long Life accepts it and issues the contract. Long Life has:

a. established an agency relationship by estoppel

b.established an agency relationship by ratification

c. established an agency relationship with the prospect

d. violated state insurance laws against pandering