Due to a shortage of coal, oil, and gas, a developer in the Middle East is considering using a non-coal fuel - oil shale - for a power plant. Although it is a non-coal fuel, most of the same analysis techniques can be utilized for it. The quality of the oil shale is listed below.

1) On what basis (wet, dry, or dry ash-free) is the proximate analysis? How did you determine this?

2) On what basis (wet, dry, or dry ash-free) is the ultimate analysis? How did you determine this?

3) What would the given higher heating value of the shale be on a dry basis, and a dry ash-free basis, in Btu/lbm?

4) Calculate separately the estimated ash, CO2, and SO2 emissions, in lbm/MBtu (with ash, carbon, and sulfur all on a wet/as-received basis), using the given HHV. In short, how many pounds of each pollutant will be emitted for every 1 MBtu of fuel burned. Please do not forget that the SO2 and CO2 have oxygen weight added to them but the ash does not!

5) Check the higher heating value of the oil shale by using the Dulong formula, with your results on an as-received (wet) basis and in Btu/lbm. Which HHV is more likely to be correct the one given in the specification, or the Dulong formula calculated value? Briefly explain why to receive credit.

6) Calculate the shale cost in terms of cents/MBtu (on a wet/as-received basis), using the given HHV.

Weight Percent 63.12 6.11 22.5 77.5 Proximate Analysis Ash Moisture Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ultimate Analysis Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash Moisture Oxygen 26.7 2.43 0.8 0.1 63.12 6.11 0.74 Higher Heating Value (wet/as-received basis) Cost (US$) 3,915 Btu/lbm $8.40/ton Weight Percent 63.12 6.11 22.5 77.5 Proximate Analysis Ash Moisture Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ultimate Analysis Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Ash Moisture Oxygen 26.7 2.43 0.8 0.1 63.12 6.11 0.74 Higher Heating Value (wet/as-received basis) Cost (US$) 3,915 Btu/lbm $8.40/ton