During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2022, a number of countries introduced "vaccine passports" which allowed only vaccinated people to engage in activities such as travelling overseas, working in settings where people were at high-risk, or attending crowded entertainment venues. While many people supported the idea of a vaccine passport, there were others who saw it as discriminating against those who refused to, or are unable to, get vaccinated.

Required:

Discuss the ethics of such a vaccine passport scheme from the perspectives ofutilitarianism, deontology, and justice and fairness.