1. During the debates preceding the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom's continued membership of the EU it was often argued that the EU was run by unelected bureaucrats who were not accountable to the people.

Critically discuss the extent, if any, to which the European Council, the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament are unelected civil servants rather than elected politicians and the extent, if any, to which they are accountable to the people or subject to other checks and balances.

2. Case 26/62Van Gend en Loosis considered to be perhaps the most significant case ever decided by the Court of Justice. Critically assess its contribution to European Union law.