During the past year Brad has been hearing mysterious voices that tell him to prepare for the coming invasion. These voices have brought tremendous confusion and emotional turmoil to Brad's life. He believes that they come from beings in distant parts of the universe who are somehow wired to him. Although it gives him a sense of purpose and specialness to be the chosen target of their communications, they also make him tense and anxious. He dreads the coming invasion. When he refuses an order the voices insult and threaten him and turn his days into a waking nightmare.

Brad has put himself on a sparse diet to avoid the possibility that his enemies may be contaminating his food. He has found a quiet apartment far from his old home where he has laid in a good stock of arms and ammunition. His family members and friends have tried to reach out to Brad, to understand his problems, and to dissuade him from his disturbing activities.Every day, however, he retreats further into his world of mysterious voices and dangers.

For each of the four standards below, rate Brad's behavior and explain WHY you rated his behavior the way you did using concrete examples from the case study above.

1. Atypical Behavior:

2. Distressful to Self or Others:

3. Dysfunctional:

4. Danger to Self or Others: