E-book NOTEBOOK 560 What increases vulnerability to mental disorders? As TABLE 15.3 indicates, there are various risk and protective factors for mental disorders. One predictor-poverty -crosses ethnic and gender lines. The incidence of serious psychological disorders is 2.5 times higher among those below the poverty line (CDC, 2014a). This poverty- disorder correlation raises further questions: Does poverty cause disorders? Or do disorders cause poverty? The answer varies with the disorder. Schizophrenia understandably leads to poverty. Yet the stresses and demoralization of poverty can also precipitate disorders, especially depression in women and substance abuse in men (Dohrenwend et al., 1992). In one natural experiment investigating the poverty-pathology link, researchers tracked rates of behavior problems in North Carolina Native American children as economic development enabled a dramatic reduction in their community's poverty rate. When the study began, children of poverty exhibited more deviant and aggressive behaviors. After four years, children whose families had moved above the poverty line exhibited a 40 percent decrease in behavior problems. Those who maintained their previous positions below or above the poverty line exhibited no change (Costello et al., 2003). TABLE 15.3 Risk and Protective Factors for Mental Disorders Risk Factors Academic failure Birth complications Caring for those who are chronically ill or who have a neurocognitive disorder Child abuse and neglect Chronic insomnia Chronic pain Family disorganization or conflict Low birth weight Low socioeconomic status Medical illness Neurochemical imbalance Parental mental illness Parental substance abuse Personal loss and bereavement Protective Factors Aerobic exercise Community offering empowerment, opportunity, and security Economic independence Effective parenting Feelings of mastery and control Feelings of security High self-esteem Literacy Positive attachment and early bonding Positive parent-child relationships Problem-solving skills Resilient coping with stress and adversity Social and work skills Social support from family and friends HAP201 Renal.ppt W Assignments 1 a....docx 7 HAP201 Renal S Some examples of... Welcome - APA Ci... LIB MD We Treating Chronic... S Timetable Change... E-book NOTEBOOK 560 Do rates of psychological disorder vary by place? A World Health Organization study -based on 90-minute interviews with thousands of people who were representative of their country's population-estimated the number of prior-year mental disorders in 28 countries (Kessler et al., 2009). Cultures vary, and as FIGURE 15.3 illustrates, the lowest rate of reported mental disorders was in Nigeria, and the highest rate was in the United States. Moreover, immigrants to the United States from Mexico, Africa, and Asia averaged better mental health than their U.S.-born counterparts with the same ethnic heritage (Breslau et al., 2007; Maldonado-Molina et al., 2011). For example, compared with Mexican Americans born in the United States, Mexican Americans who have recently immigrated are less at risk for mental disorders-a phenomenon known as the immigrant paradox (Salas-Wright et al., 2018). United States Ukraine Colombia New Zealand France Lebanon South Africa Netherlands Mexico Belgium Germany Israel Spain Italy Japan China Nigeria 0% 10% 20% 30% Percentage with any mental disorder A Proportion of those disorders considered "serious" HAP201 Renal.ppt W Assignments 1 a....docx HAP201 Renal Sys