Economic Evaluation Problem An article in JAMA by Mandelblatt et al (2002) compared the societal costs and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, Pap testing, and their combination to screen for cervical cancer. The paper studied 18 different population screening strategies - Pap testing alone, HPV testing alone, and Pap plus HPV testing - every 2 or 3 years for women beginning at age 20 and continuing to 65 years, 75 years, and death. The following table summarizes some of the results (low cost to high cost). Costs include screening and treatment costs, discounted over the individual's expected lifetime. QALYS Incremental Incremental Strategy Cost ($) ICER* Saved Cost QALY 0. No screening 5,000 26.87 0 n'a 1. Pap every 3 years to age 75 6,825 27.02 $1825 .15 $12,166.67 2. HPV every 3 years to age 75 6,950 27.02 $125 0 Dominated 3. Pap every 2 years to age 75 7,275 27.04 $450 02 $22500 4. Pap + HPV every 3 years to 7,400 27.04 $125 0 Dominated age 75 5. HPV every 2 years to age 75 7,450 27.04 $50 0 Dominated 6. Pap + HPV every 2 years to 7,925 27.05 $650 .01 $65000 age 75 *If dominated, just put dominated (Hint: if a strategy is dominated, then you must go back to the previous one when calculating the next ICER) Questions 1. Complete the chart above. (Hint: ICER = AC/AE and for this example, QALY is AE)