Elizabeth is a lawyer with twin sons that are 12 years old. Elizabeth is resting in her bedroom when she hears loud noises in the family room. She springs up, runs to the family room, and sees one son, Phil, punch the other son, Kiffer. Elizabeth immediately orders Phil to stay in his room for the rest of the day and to not use the internet for 48 hours. As Phil mopes along the hallway to his room, Phil shouts, Kiffer punched me first What legal principle would Elizabeth recognize Phil's remark as being? 

• Caveat emptor because Phil thinks he is right.
• Jus ad bellum because Kiffer's action is what actually started the fight
• In pari delicto because they (Phil and Kiffer) are at equal fault.
• In pari materia because Kiffer attacked in the same manner as did Phil.
• Ad hoc because Phil is adding an accusation against his opponent, Kiffer.