Emily has been a trainer for many years, and she has become

disillusioned with her trainees. She believes that trainees

today lack any motivation to learn. This attitude is apparent to

her trainees, and her trainees then fail to exert personal

initiative, as expected. What phenomenon is most likely

occurring in this instance?

Expectancy theory

Low self$-$esteem.

Behavior modeling

Self$-$fulling prophecy.