estimated food record via a written diary were collected from 151 participants from the TwinsUK cohort detailing 24-h of food and drink intake. All these participants provided 24-h records the day prior to faecal sample collection and also responded to a FFQ. Participants' intakes were electronically processed by Abacus Ltd. using Dietplan software to calculate nutrition information and food portions in grams. A binary variable was applied to participants who consumed yoghurt vs. those who did not consume yoghurt (cut-off of at least one yoghurt reported in the record). The quantity of yoghurts consumed by a participant was determined by the (unweighted) quantity of yoghurt entries within the 24 h period. Replication of significant findings was pursued in the LifeLines-DEEP cohort where 1010 yoghurt consumers were compared to 93 non-yoghurt consumers as reported through FFQs. 16S rRNA and whole shotgun metagenomics sequencing data were processed as previously described by Zhernakova et al. [18]. Association between yoghurt consumption and microbiome variables of interest were tested using linear regression adjusting for age, sex and BMI. Results displaying a p value below Bonferroni threshold (0.05/number of tests) were considered significant. is it support for Yogurt is well-known for its rich probiotic contentbeneficial bacteria