Ethics play an important role in understanding finance. All financial professionals are expected to operate in an ethical manner. Robert A$.$ Cooke, a noted ethicist, suggests several questions be used to assess the ethical viability of a proposed action. Which one of the questions below, is NOT a proposed question by R$.$A$.$ Cooke?

a$.$ Is the action legal?

b$.$ Are there alternative courses of action that are less likely to cause actual or potential harm?

c$.$ Is the action arbitrary or capricious? Does it unfairly single out an individual or group?

d$.$ Will this action influence profitability?

e$.$ Does the action conform to accepted moral standards?