Evaluate the financial performance of Boeing and Airbus for the fiscal year 2018 using the following data:

($ millions)	Boeing	Airbus
Net sales	$101,127	$73,769
Cost of goods sold	$71,308	$51,343
Gross profit	$29,819	$22,426
Operating expenses	$16,204	$12,300
Operating income	$13,615	$10,126
Interest and other (income) expense	$1,800	$1,500
Earnings before provision for income taxes	$11,815	$8,626
Provision for income taxes	$3,600	$2,800
Net earnings	$8,215	$5,826

Required: a. Calculate the gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin for each company. b. Compute the return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) for both companies. Assume Boeing's equity is $50,000 million and total assets are $250,000 million, while Airbus' equity is $45,000 million and total assets are $200,000 million. c. Determine the debt-to-equity ratio for both companies. d. Discuss the profitability and financial leverage of both companies based on your calculations. e. Perform a comparative analysis of operational efficiency by calculating the asset turnover ratio for each company.