Every radionuclide without a well-measurable gamma emission (= all alpha-, beta- and weak-gamma emitters) must be separated prior to their counting (for example, using LSC or alpha spectroscopy). Also, each separation method has its own, procedure-specific conditions to provide accurate separation and required yield of the analyzed material, and in countable amount. Separation of some metals (metallic radionuclides) requires also desired chemical form of the isolated element, desired composition of aqueous and organic liquids), or selected resin. Demonstrate your understanding of the procedure-specific conditions by providing a short sentence and 2-3 examples for each of these three terms:

Specific oxidation state:

Specific chemical form (speciation):

Specific conditions in solutions: