EXHIBIT 3-1 Present Value of a Single Payment at Various Annual Rates of Return 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% Year 1 .962 .952 .943 .935 926 .917 .909 .901 .893 Year 2 .925 .907 .890 .873 .857 .842 .826 .812 .797 Year 3 .889 .864 .840 .816 .794 .772 .751 .731 .712 Year 4 .855 .823 .792 .763 .735 .708 .683 .659 .636 Year 5 .822 .784 .747 .713 .681 .650 .621 .593 .567 Year 6 .790 .746 .705 .666 .630 .596 .564 .535 .507 Year 7 .760 .711 .665 .623 .583 .547 .513 .482 452 Year 8 .731 .677 .627 .582 .540 .502 467 434 404 Year 9 .703 .645 .592 .544 .500 460 424 .391 .361 Year 10 .676 .614 .558 .508 .463 .422 .386 .352 .322 Year 11 .650 .585 .527 .475 429 .388 .350 .317 .287 Year 12 .625 .557 .497 .444 .397 .356 .319 .286 .257 Year 13 .601 .530 .469 .415 .368 .326 .290 .258 .229 Year 14 .577 .505 .442 .388 .340 .299 .263 .232 .205 Year 15 .555 481 .417 .362 .315 .275 .239 .209 .183 Manny, a calendar-year taxpayer, uses the cash method of accounting for his sole proprietorship. In late December he performed $18,000 of legal services for a client. Manny typically requires his clients to pay his bills immediately upon receipt. Assume Manny's marginal tax rate is 37 percent this year and next year, and that he can earn an after-tax rate of return of 8 percent on his investments. a. What is the after-tax income if Manny sends his client the bill in December? After-tax income b. What is the after-tax income if Manny sends his client the bill in January? Use Exhibit 3.1. (Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount.) After-tax income c. Based on requirements a and b, should Manny send his client the bill in December or January? O December January