Expected Behavior

Write a program, in a file bball.py, that behaves as follows.

Use input() (without arguments) to read the name of an input data file.

Read and process the file specified (see 'Input' below for the file format). For each non-comment line in the file:

create a Team object from the line (see Program Structure below);

parse the line to extract the appropriate data values;

use these values to compute the team's win ratio;

initialize the corresponding Team object appropriately.

add the team to the list of teams in the appropriate conference, creating a conference if necessary.

Compute the average win ratio for each conference and find the conference(s) that have the highest win ratio.

Print out the results of your analysis in the format given below under Output. Some examples are shown here.

Input

Any line in the input file that begins with "#" is a comment and should be ignored. Each non-coment line gives win-loss data for a team and has the following format: team name (one or more words), followed by conference name in parentheses (one or more words), followed by the number of wins, followed by the number of losses. For example:

# Division I Women's Basketball: 2015-16 Season # School (Conference) Wins Losses UConn (AAC) 38 0 UC Riverside (Big West) 23 9 St. John's (NY) (Big East) 23 10 Arizona (Pac-12) 13 19 

If more than one conference has the highest average win ratio, they can be printed out in any order.

Note that the team name may consist of multiple words, some of which may be parenthesized, e.g., "St. Johns (NY)". The conference name is given by the rightmost parenthesized group of words in the line.

Output

The output should be the conference name and win-loss average for all of the conferences with the best win ratio average, one conference per line, in the following format (the simplest way to get this into your code without any mistakes is to copy-paste it into your program and then editing the variable names appropriately):

"{} : {}".format(conf_name, conf_win_ratio_avg)

where conf_name is the name of a conference and conf_win_ratio_avg is the average win ratio for that conference. Some examples are shown here.

Assertions

Your program should use assert statements to check the following (however, see below for replacements for asserts in situations where asserts are difficult to state).

For each method, any pre-conditions on the arguments for that method. The assert should be placed at or very soon after the beginning of the method.

For each loop that either (i) computes a value; or (ii) transforms some data, at least one assert that holds in the body of the loop. You can choose what the invariant is, but it must be something that:

reflects the computation of the loop; and

is not simply a statement of the iteration condition (or some expression whose value follows directly from the iteration condition).

Asserts are not necessary for loops that neither compute values nor transform data, e.g., loops that simply read in data or print out results.

This level of assertion-checking is almost certainly overkill, but we'll do this for a little while in order to get more experience with pre-conditions and loop invariants and to practise working with assert statements.

Try to make your asserts as precise and specific as you can.

Replacements for asserts

In some situations, it may be difficult or impossible to write an assert that captures what you want to capture. In such situations, in place of an assert you can write a comment giving the invariant or assumption you want to state. Such a comment should be written as follows:

### INVARIANT: ...your invariant in English and/or Python

or

### ASSUMPTION: ...your assumption in English and/or Python

Programming Requirements

Your program should implement (at least) the following classes along with the methods specified.

class Team

An object of this class represents information about a team: namely, the team name, the conference it belongs to, and win-loss data. This class should implement the following methods:

__init__(self, line) : line is a line read from the input file. Initializes the object with information extracted from line. The information stored as attributes for each team should be sufficient to implement the other methods for the team specified below.

name(self): returns the name of the team.

conf(self): returns the conference the team belongs to.

win_ratio(self): returns the win ratio for the team.

__str__(self): returns a string with information about the team, in the following format:

"{} : {}".format(name, win_ratio_str)

where name is the name of the team and win_ratio_str is its win ratio (as a string).

class Conference

An object of this class represents information about a set of teams, namely, the teams belonging to that conference. This class should implement the following methods:

__init__(self, conf) : conf is a string giving the name of a conference. Initializes a conference object with name conf. The list of teams for the conference is initialized to be empty.

__contains__(self, team) : team is a Team object. Returns True if team is in the list of teams for this conference; False otherwise.

name(self): returns the name of the conference object;

add(self, team): Takes a team object team as argument and adds team to the list of teams associated with the object;

win_ratio_avg(self): returns the average win ratio for the conference (a floating-point value).

__str__(self): returns a string with information about the conference, in the following format:

"{} : {}".format(name, win_ratio_str)

where name is the name of the conference and win_ratio_str is its average win ratio (as a string).

class ConferenceSet

An object of this class represents a set of conferences. This class should implement the following methods:

__init__(self) : Initializes the set of conferences to be empty.

add(self, team) : team is a Team object. Adds team to the appropriate conference in the list of conferences, if necessary creating a Conference object for the conference of this team.

best(self) : returns a list of conferences that have the highest average win ratio.

You may find it convenient to also implement __repr__() methods for some of these classes for debugging purposes. This is optional.

Examples

Several examples of this data analysis are given here.

Testing

You may want to consider the following situations for black-box testing:

empty input file;

input with only comment lines

just a single team

several teams, but just a single conference

several conferences, just a single team each

several conferences, each with several teams

several conferences with tied win ratio

a team with 0 losses

a team with 0 losses

a team with many parenthesized words in the name

In addition, you should examine your code to identify inputs for white-box testing.

2011-2012.txt

# Division I Women's Basketball: 2011-12 Season # School (Conference) Wins Losses Baylor (Big 12) 40 0 Stanford (Pac-12) 35 2 Delaware (Colonial) 31 2 Green Bay (Horizon) 31 2 FGCU (Atlantic Sun) 29 3 Notre Dame (AAC) 35 4 St. Bonaventure (Atlantic 10) 31 4 UTEP (Conference USA) 29 4 UConn (AAC) 33 5 Maryland (Atlantic Coast) 31 5 Hampton (Mid-Eastern) 26 5 Princeton (Ivy League) 24 5 Gonzaga (West Coast) 28 6 Fresno St. (Western Athletic) 28 6 Duke (Atlantic Coast) 27 6 Miami (FL) (Atlantic Coast) 26 6 Kentucky (Southeastern) 28 7 Appalachian St. (Southern) 27 7 Middle Tenn. (Sun Belt) 26 7 Penn St. (Big Ten) 26 7 BYU (West Coast) 26 7 James Madison (Colonial) 29 8 San Diego St. (Mountain West) 25 7 Ohio St. (Big Ten) 25 7 Bowling Green (Mid-American) 24 7 Central Ark. (Southland) 24 7 Dayton (Atlantic 10) 23 7 Marist (Metro Atlantic) 26 8 McNeese St. (Southland) 26 8 Memphis (Conference USA) 25 8 Sacred Heart (Northeast) 25 8 Tennessee (Southeastern) 27 9 Idaho St. (Big Sky) 24 8 San Diego (West Coast) 26 9 Georgia Tech (Atlantic Coast) 26 9 American (Patriot) 23 8 Purdue (Big Ten) 25 9 Florida A&M (Mid-Eastern) 22 8 South Dakota St. (Summit League) 24 9 Missouri St. (Missouri Valley) 24 9 Liberty (Big South) 24 9 Howard (Mid-Eastern) 24 9 Arkansas (Southeastern) 24 9 Fairfield (Metro Atlantic) 24 9 Nebraska (Big Ten) 24 9 Boston U. (America East) 23 9 Eastern Mich. (Mid-American) 23 9 UT Martin (OVC) 23 9 Richmond (Atlantic 10) 23 9 Georgetown (AAC) 23 9 California (Pac-12) 25 10 South Carolina (Southeastern) 25 10 Eastern Ill. (OVC) 22 9 Georgia (Southeastern) 22 9 West Virginia (AAC) 24 10 Toledo (Mid-American) 24 10 St. John's (NY) (AAC) 24 10 SFA (Southland) 23 10 Temple (Atlantic 10) 23 10 Albany (NY) (America East) 23 10 Vanderbilt (Southeastern) 23 10 Louisville (AAC) 23 10 Virginia (Atlantic Coast) 25 11 Chattanooga (Southern) 22 10 UNLV (Mountain West) 22 10 Davidson (Southern) 22 10 Quinnipiac (Northeast) 22 10 Rutgers (AAC) 22 10 Texas A&M (Big 12) 24 11 LIU Brooklyn (Northeast) 21 10 Miami (OH) (Mid-American) 21 10 Utah St. (Western Athletic) 21 10 FIU (Sun Belt) 23 11 LSU (Southeastern) 23 11 DePaul (AAC) 23 11 Tulane (Conference USA) 23 11 Stetson (Atlantic Sun) 23 11 St. Mary's (CA) (West Coast) 22 11 Saint Joseph's (Atlantic 10) 22 11 UMKC (Summit League) 22 12 Oklahoma St. (Big 12) 22 12 Oral Roberts (Summit League) 20 11 North Carolina (Atlantic Coast) 20 11 UAB (Conference USA) 19 11 Montana St. (Big Sky) 19 11 Michigan St. (Big Ten) 20 12 Michigan (Big Ten) 20 12 Duquesne (Atlantic 10) 20 12 Arizona St. (Pac-12) 20 12 Coppin St. (Mid-Eastern) 20 12 Northern Colo. (Big Sky) 20 12 Oklahoma (Big 12) 21 13 Wright St. (Horizon) 21 13 Kansas (Big 12) 21 13 Iowa (Big Ten) 19 12 Hofstra (Colonial) 19 12 Denver (Sun Belt) 19 12 Florida (Southeastern) 20 13 Creighton (Missouri Valley) 20 13 High Point (Big South) 20 13 Samford (Southern) 20 13 Wichita St. (Missouri Valley) 20 13 Little Rock (Sun Belt) 20 13 UNCW (Colonial) 20 13 Oregon St. (Pac-12) 20 13 Texas Tech (Big 12) 21 14 Colorado (Pac-12) 21 14 Campbell (Big South) 18 12 Sam Houston St. (Southland) 18 12 Harvard (Ivy League) 18 12 Southern California (Pac-12) 18 12 Syracuse (AAC) 22 15 Hartford (America East) 19 13 Illinois St. (Missouri Valley) 19 13 Monmouth (Northeast) 19 13 Wake Forest (Atlantic Coast) 20 14 Washington (Pac-12) 20 14 Detroit (Horizon) 20 14 Kansas St. (Big 12) 20 14 Alabama A&M (Southwestern) 17 12 Ill.-Chicago (Horizon) 18 13 Iowa St. (Big 12) 18 13 Winthrop (Big South) 18 13 Drexel (Colonial) 19 14 Yale (Ivy League) 16 12 Brown (Ivy League) 16 12 UC Davis (Big West) 17 13 South Ala. (Sun Belt) 17 13 Lehigh (Patriot) 17 13 Fla. Atlantic (Sun Belt) 17 13 Robert Morris (Northeast) 18 14 Mississippi Val. (Southwestern) 18 14 Navy (Patriot) 18 14 Texas (Big 12) 18 14 Pacific (Big West) 18 14 Villanova (AAC) 19 15 VCU (Colonial) 19 15 Holy Cross (Patriot) 19 15 UNI (Missouri Valley) 19 15 Central Mich. (Mid-American) 20 16 Texas St. (Southland) 17 14 CSUN (Big West) 17 14 North Carolina St. (Atlantic Coast) 19 16 South Fla. (AAC) 19 16 Elon (Southern) 16 14 Towson (Colonial) 16 14 New Hampshire (America East) 16 14 TCU (Mountain West) 16 14 Marshall (Conference USA) 16 14 Eastern Wash. (Big Sky) 16 14 Montana (Big Sky) 16 14 Charlotte (Atlantic 10) 16 14 Cal Poly (Big West) 17 15 Charleston So. (Big South) 17 15 Louisiana Tech (Western Athletic) 17 15 UMBC (America East) 17 15 Manhattan (Metro Atlantic) 18 16 Drake (Missouri Valley) 18 16 Bradley (Missouri Valley) 18 16 Minnesota (Big Ten) 19 17 Portland St. (Big Sky) 15 14 Nicholls St. (Southland) 16 15 Radford (Big South) 16 15 Lamar (Southland) 16 15 UC Santa Barbara (Big West) 17 16 Prairie View (Southwestern) 17 16 Tennessee Tech (OVC) 17 17 Rice (Conference USA) 16 16 Cincinnati (AAC) 16 16 Utah (Pac-12) 16 16 Grambling (Southwestern) 15 15 Utah Valley (GWC) 15 15 Alabama St. (Southwestern) 14 14 Southern U. (Southwestern) 13 13 Boise St. (Mountain West) 15 16 Indiana St. (Missouri Valley) 15 16 Oregon (Pac-12) 15 16 North Texas (Sun Belt) 15 16 Furman (Southern) 15 16 George Mason (Colonial) 15 16 N.C. A&T (Mid-Eastern) 15 16 Pepperdine (West Coast) 14 15 Arizona (Pac-12) 15 17 UCLA (Pac-12) 14 16 Mt. St. Mary's (Northeast) 14 16 Saint Francis (PA) (Northeast) 14 16 Northwestern (Big Ten) 14 16 Mississippi St. (Southeastern) 14 16 Army West Point (Patriot) 14 16 Penn (Ivy League) 13 15 Tulsa (Conference USA) 13 15 Coastal Caro. (Big South) 13 15 Florida St. (Atlantic Coast) 14 17 La Salle (Atlantic 10) 14 17 Marquette (AAC) 14 17 Kennesaw St. (Atlantic Sun) 14 17 SMU (Conference USA) 14 17 Western Caro. (Southern) 14 17 Northern Ill. (Mid-American) 14 17 Central Conn. St. (Northeast) 13 16 South Carolina St. (Mid-Eastern) 13 16 Eastern Ky. (OVC) 13 16 Akron (Mid-American) 14 18 Long Beach St. (Big West) 14 18 Ohio (Mid-American) 14 18 Colorado St. (Mountain West) 13 17 North Florida (Atlantic Sun) 13 17 Loyola Chicago (Horizon) 13 17 NJIT (GWC) 13 17 UTRGV (GWC) 13 17 Providence (AAC) 13 17 UC Irvine (Big West) 13 17 Butler (Horizon) 13 17 Auburn (Southeastern) 13 17 Loyola Maryland (Metro Atlantic) 13 17 Cornell (Ivy League) 12 16 Missouri (Big 12) 13 18 Southern Miss. (Conference USA) 13 18 Murray St. (OVC) 13 18 Wofford (Southern) 13 18 Iona (Metro Atlantic) 13 18 Binghamton (America East) 13 18 Sacramento St. (Big Sky) 13 18 Fairleigh Dickinson (Northeast) 13 18 Wyoming (Mountain West) 12 17 UCF (Conference USA) 12 17 Siena (Metro Atlantic) 12 17 Norfolk St. (Mid-Eastern) 12 17 Alcorn (Southwestern) 14 20 IUPUI (Summit League) 13 19 Niagara (Metro Atlantic) 13 19 Fordham (Atlantic 10) 12 18 UMES (Mid-Eastern) 12 18 Belmont (Atlantic Sun) 12 18 Santa Clara (West Coast) 12 18 Southeastern La. (Southland) 12 18 Canisius (Metro Atlantic) 12 18 Arkansas St. (Sun Belt) 12 18 Ole Miss (Southeastern) 12 18 Washington St. (Pac-12) 13 20 Jackson St. (Southwestern) 11 17 Oakland (Summit League) 11 17 Alabama (Southeastern) 12 19 Western Ill. (Summit League) 12 19 East Carolina (Conference USA) 12 19 Cleveland St. (Horizon) 12 19 George Washington (Atlantic 10) 11 18 Portland (West Coast) 12 20 Idaho (Western Athletic) 12 20 Cal St. Fullerton (Big West) 11 19 Hawaii (Western Athletic) 11 19 San Jose St. (Western Athletic) 11 19 Rider (Metro Atlantic) 11 19 Illinois (Big Ten) 11 19 Jacksonville (Atlantic Sun) 11 20 Saint Louis (Atlantic 10) 11 20 North Dakota St. (North Dakota St.) 11 20 New Mexico (Mountain West) 11 20 Bethune-Cookman (Mid-Eastern) 10 19 Morehead St. (OVC) 10 19 Old Dominion (Colonial) 11 21 Savannah St. (Mid-Eastern) 10 20 Youngstown St. (Horizon) 10 20 William & Mary (Colonial) 10 20 Vermont (America East) 10 20 Valparaiso (Horizon) 10 21 Northern Ariz. (Big Sky) 9 20 A&M-Corpus Chris (Southland) 9 20 Wisconsin (Big Ten) 9 20 Tennessee St. (OVC) 9 20 Ball St. (Mid-American) 9 21 IPFW (Summit League) 9 21 USC Upstate (Atlantic Sun) 9 21 Western Ky. (Sun Belt) 9 21 Milwaukee (Horizon) 9 21 La.-Monroe (Sun Belt) 9 21 Buffalo (Mid-American) 9 22 Austin Peay (OVC) 9 22 Xavier (Atlantic 10) 8 20 UTSA (Southland) 8 21 Massachusetts (Atlantic 10) 8 21 Colgate (Patriot) 8 22 ETSU (Atlantic Sun) 8 22 Ga. Southern (Southern) 8 22 Georgia St. (Colonial) 8 22 Western Mich. (Mid-American) 8 22 Loyola Marymount (West Coast) 8 22 Northeastern (Colonial) 8 22 Pittsburgh (AAC) 8 22 Southern Ill. (Missouri Valley) 8 22 Lafayette (Patriot) 8 22 Seton Hall (AAC) 8 23 Maine (America East) 8 23 CSU Bakersfield (Independent) 7 22 Southeast Mo. St. (OVC) 7 22 Longwood (Independent) 7 22 Boston College (Atlantic Coast) 7 23 Delaware St. (Mid-Eastern) 7 23 UNC Asheville (Big South) 7 23 Col. of Charleston (Southern) 7 23 La.-Lafayette (Sun Belt) 7 23 Virginia Tech (Atlantic Coast) 7 23 Nevada (Western Athletic) 7 23 Kent St. (Mid-American) 6 21 Clemson (Atlantic Coast) 6 22 UT Arlington (Southland) 6 22 Dartmouth (Ivy League) 6 22 Mercer (Atlantic Sun) 6 23 Southern Utah (Summit League) 6 23 Northwestern St. (Southland) 6 23 Lipscomb (Atlantic Sun) 6 23 Air Force (Mountain West) 6 24 Morgan St. (Mid-Eastern) 6 24 Indiana (Big Ten) 6 24 Chicago St. (GWC) 6 24 New Mexico St. (Western Athletic) 6 24 UC Riverside (Big West) 5 24 San Francisco (West Coast) 5 25 Evansville (Missouri Valley) 5 25 Bucknell (Patriot) 5 25 Texas Southern (Southwestern) 5 26 Saint Peter's (Metro Atlantic) 5 26 Jacksonville St. (OVC) 4 25 UNCG (Southern) 4 25 Gardner-Webb (Big South) 4 25 St. Francis Brooklyn (Northeast) 4 25 Stony Brook (America East) 4 26 Columbia (Ivy League) 3 25 Houston (Conference USA) 3 26 N.C. Central (Mid-Eastern) 3 27 Troy (Sun Belt) 2 26 Weber St. (Big Sky) 2 27 Wagner (Northeast) 2 27 Houston Baptist (GWC) 1 27 Rhode Island (Atlantic 10) 1 28 Ark.-Pine Bluff (Southwestern) 1 29 

expected example:

Input: 2011-12.txt Output:

Big 12 : 0.6318802521008403