Explain the origin and common law practice known as recognizance.

2. Explain what purpose was served by recognizance, and later by probation.

3. Explain who John Augustus was and what role he played in the development of probation.

4. Explain why the use of probation was legally challenged and how the challenge was settled by the Killets case.

5. Explain how California's probation subsidy worked, what purpose it served, and what the results were of its use.