Explain the THREE (3) alternative methods of

dispute resolutionby giving case of law for each methods ? This question is from business law. I need case for each.

three alternative methods of dispute resolution.

res judicata - final order of the court binding the immediate parties to the decision

ratio decidendi - the reason for the decision

obiter dictum (sayings by the way) - no binding power, although it can exercise an extremely strong influence in a lower court, and even in a court of equivalent standing, depending on the court and the judge