Explain what is meant by confounding What is a lurking variable What is a confounding variable effects of the response variable When there is zero confounding in a study the effects of the response variable are entirely caused by the effects of the explanatory variable Oc Confounding in a study occurs when there is little or no actual relationship between the explanatory and response variable other than random chance This sometimes causes completely unrelated variables to appear to have a causal relationship and can cause variables that have almost no relationship to have a very strong relationship D Confounding in a study occurs when the effects of two or more explanatory variables are not separated Therefore any relation that may exist between an explanatory variable and the response variable may be due to some other variable or variables not accounted for in the study What is a lurking variable OA A lurking variable is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable In addition lurking variables are typically very large numbers that make them difficult if not impossible to include in a study OB A lurking variable is a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values In addition lurking variables are typically equal to zero or almost equal to zero OC A lurking variable is an explanatory variable that was not considered in a study but that affects the value of the response variable in the study In addition lurking variables are typically related to explanatory variables in the study OD A lurking variable is a response variable that was not considered in a study but is also affected by the casual relationship of the explanatory variables in the study In addition lurking variables are typically related to response variables in the study