| Extremity links| 5th percentile |50th percentile | 95th percentile |

| HEAD | 14.74 | 15.85 | 16.96 |

TABLE 3.8: Link Length Estimates (centimeters) Based on US population stature data

| FOREARM | 21.96 | 23.61 | 25.27 |

UPPER ARM | 27.72 | 29.80 | 31.90 |

| UPPER LEG | 38.23 | 41.1 | 44.00 |

| LOWER LEG | 34.56 | 37.16 | 39.78 |

| FOOT LENGTH| 20.45 | 21.99 | 23.54 |

TABLE 3.11 Estimates of Mass Distribution(kg) for selected percentiles of females

| Link | 5th percentile | 50th percentile | 95th percentile |

| Head | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.64 |

| Forearm | 0.73 | 1.00 | 1.56 |

| Upper arm | 1.35 | 1.84 | 2.88 |

| Head, neck and trunk | 24.61 | 33.71 | 52.66 |

| Arms, head and torso above 1.5/SI disc | 22.85 | 31.29 | 48.89 |

| Upper leg | 6.31 | 8.65 | 13.51 |

| Lower leg | 2.30 | 3.16 | 4.93 |

| Foot | 0.66 | 0.91 | 1.41 |

Table 3.13; Distances to segment centers of mass (CM)

| Link | Fraction of link length | 5th percentile| 50th percentile | 95th percentile |

| Wrist-to-hand-CM | 0.3427 | 5.05 | 5.43 | 5.81 |

| Elbow-to-lower-arm-CM | 0.4217 | 9.26 | 9.96 | 10.66 |

| Shoulder-to-upper-arm-CM | 0.5322 | 14.75 | 15.86 | 16.98 |

| Knee-to-upper-leg-CM | 0.6248 | 23.89 | 25.68 | 27.49 |

| Ankle-to-lower-leg-CM | 0.5928 | 20.49 | 22.03 | 23.58 |

| Head-to-foot-CM | 0.4014 | 8.21 | 8.83 | 9.45 |

1. Find the center of mass (COM) of the system below (i.e. arm + tool) for a 75th%ile and roughly illustrate the location of the COM of the system on the figure.For the image below, assume the shoulder is in 60 degree flexion (from anatomical position)

Hand & Tool Wrist Shoulder X 60 Elbow