F. Marston, Inc. has developed a forecasting model to estimate its AFN for the upcoming year. All else being equal, which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase of the additional funds needed (AFN)?

a. The company switches its materials purchases to a supplier that offers a longer credit period (with all other terms held equal).

b. The company discovers that it has excess capacity in its fixed assets.

c. A sharp increase in its forecasted sales.

d. A switch to a just-in-time inventory system and outsourcing production.

e. The company reduces its dividend payout ratio.