Factors that influence of corporate characteristics include the following except

a. M N Cs Cash Flow Stability M N Cs with more stable cash flows can handle more debt because there is a constant stream of cash inflows to cover periodic interest payments on debt.

b. M N Cs Credit Risk M N Cs that have lower credit risk have more access to credit.

c. M N Cs Access to Retained Earnings Highly profitable M N Cs may be able to finance most of their investment with retained earnings and therefore use an equity-intensive capital structure.

d. M N Cs Guarantees on Debt If the parent backs the debt of its subsidiary, the subsidiarys borrowing capacity might be increased.

e. All of them