Failure to follow the directions will lead to a grade deduction
o The Exam must be handwritten
o You are to choose and handwrite 2 essays for the exam from the list below
 Each essay will have a clear Introduction, Body and Conclusion
o To ensure integrity you must also write the number and question on the top of your 
paper. 
o You will need to use your prepared index cards for each essay. 
o When you hand in the exam (upload) you will also upload a picture of your index cards 
too.
1. Explore how Hume establishes a cause and effect relationship from sensation. "...So must we 
also esteem the supposed tie or connexion between the cause and effect, which binds them 
together, and renders it impossible that any other effect could result from the operation of that 
cause." 
2. Socrates makes the claim that the "unexamined life is not worth living" in his trial defense in 
Plato's Apology - labeled as "On Defending Philosophy" in the OT. Please explore what Socrates 
most likely means by this in relation to the trial and his perspective on Philosophy (Elenchus). 
3. According to Bertrand Russell, in "On the Value of Philosophy", philosophy aims at knowledge. 
Please discuss what kind of knowledge Russell has in mind? How does it differ from facts (like 
science, history, weather...etc).
4. John Locke, in "On the Foundations of Knowledge", "universal consent" to facts does not mean 
there are "innate ideas". Please explain Locke's reasoning for dispelling a priori ideas in favor of 
a posteriori knowledge. 
5. Berkeley drives a wedge between physical objects and our perception of them when he says "To 
EXIST is one thing, and to be PERCIEVED is another." (Berkeley, 49). What is he trying to 
accomplish by this distinction and his overall philosophy of empiricism? 
6. In "On Pragmatism" William James argues that "Truth is a species of good" . What evidence 
does James provide for this assertion and what does he mean?