Ferris owns an interest in, but does not materially participate in, an activity. He has $30,000 at-risk. The business produced a loss in the current year and Ferris's share of the loss is $45,000. Assuming Ferris has no passive income, how much of the $45,000 loss will be deductible by Ferris? a) $0 b) $30,000 c) $45,000 d) cannot be determined