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Figure 1. Four different bonds (W, X, Y, and Z) in a DNA molecule Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the

Figure 1. Four different bonds (W, X, Y, and Z) in a DNA molecule

Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA molecule?

A. Bond X only

B. Bond W only

C. Bonds Y and Z at the same time

D. Bonds W and Z at the same time

The figure presents three different models of a double-stranded segment of a D N A molecule. A key indicates the shading that corresponds to each nitrogenous base in the models, adenine, guanine, either thymine or uracil, and cytosine. Model 1 presents a relatively detailed but flat model of D N A, with alternating pentagons and circles representing the D N A backbone. A nitrogenous base is attached to each pentagon. A dotted outline around one circle, one pentagon, and one nitrogenous base is labeled Nucleotide. Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases on the separate strands connect the two strands of nucleotides. The bottom left and top right ends of the strands are labeled 3 prime ends, and the bottom right and top left ends are labeled 5 prime ends. Model 2 presents a more simplified and also flat model of D N A, with the D N A backbones represented as long narrow rectangles. Pairs of nucleotides attached to the backbones hold the two strands together. Model 3 presents a yet more simplified model of D N A, showing a coiled D N A helix. The D N A backbone is shown as a ribbon, and narrow rectangular poles, shaded to represent the different nitrogenous bases, represent pairs of nucleotides connecting the two strands.

The figure presents the flat structure of a three-nucleotide D N A molecule, with pentagons representing the pentose sugar and circles representing the phosphate group. Nitrogenous bases are attached to the sugar-phosphate backbones, and hydrogen bonds between the pairs of nitrogenous bases connect the two strands. The bottom of the left strand of the molecule is labeled 3 prime, and the bottom of the right strand is labeled 5 prime. From top to bottom, adenine on the left strand is bonded to thymine on the right, guanine on the left is bonded to cytosine on the right, and thymine on the left is bonded to adenine on the right, through a bond labeled X. On the left strand, the bond between the sugar and the phosphate that connect the second and third nucleotides is labeled W. On the right strand, the bond connecting the sugar of the middle nucleotide with cytosine to the phosphate of the top nucleotide with thymine is labeled Y. Also on the right side, the bond connecting the phosphate of the middle nucleotide with cytosine to the sugar of the bottom nucleotide with adenine is labeled Z.

5' Nucleotide 3' +H || || Hydrogen Bonds Model 1 3' 5' Adenine Thymine or Uracil C G A CC G D A T T T G CC T G A A Model 2 Guanine Cytosine XXXXX Model 3 W. 3' A G T == T A Z 5'

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