Financial Ratios - Visa Inc.

Visa Inc. has provided the following financial data for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023:

• Total Assets: $70,000 million
• Total Liabilities: $30,000 million
• Net Income: $12,000 million
• Total Revenue: $25,000 million
• Total Expenses: $13,000 million
• Average Shareholders' Equity: $40,000 million

Calculate the following financial ratios for Visa Inc.:

a) Return on Assets (ROA) b) Return on Equity (ROE) c) Debt-to-Equity Ratio d) Gross Profit Margin e) Net Profit Margin

Interpret each ratio and discuss the financial performance of Visa Inc. based on these ratios.