To verify experimentally the Superposition theorem which is an analytical technique of determining currents in a circuit with more than one emf source. THEOREM: In a linear circuit containing multiple independent sources and linear elements (e.g. resistors, inductors, capacitors) the voltage across (or the current through) any element when all the sources are acting simultaneously may be obtained by adding algebraically all the individual voltages (or the currents) caused by each independent source acting alone, with all other sources deactivated. An independent voltage source is deactivated (made zero) by shorting it and an independent current source is deactivated (made zero) by open circuiting it. However, if a dependent source is present it must remain active during the superposition process. APPARATUS : Two DC power supplies. One multimeter. PROCEDURES : 1) Set up the circuit as in Fig. 1. 5V +1E E1 R1 120 R3 330 R2 470 TV E2 When E2 active: W E1 120 No. of Obs. 1. 2. Ri (ohms) R3 10092 1.2 230 470 N 2) Apply 5 volts from E and 7 volts from E2. 3) Measure the current I and record it in the given table. 4) Render E2 inactive (keeping E1 active) & measure the current I in the branch R3. 5) Render E1 inactive (keeping E2 active) & Measure the current I" in the branch R3. 6) Verify if I= 1 + 1" which would validate the superposition theorem for this particular circuit. TABLE: R R3 12 with both (ohms) (ohms) E1 and E2 active (amps) 22092 47092 2.2 | 3.3 When El active: E1 120 3/4 Superposition Principle 3/4 Mesh Current Method 24 Node Voltage Method 470 12 with only E1 active (amps) 12" with only E2 active (amps) REPORT: 1. Show results in tabular form. 2. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies (if any). CAUTIONS: 1. Don't switch on the supply until the circuit has been checked by your teacher. 2. Take care of the reading of the apparatus. 3. Take care of any bare circuit element in energized condition. QUESTION: 12/+ 1. Define linear element, nonlinear element, linear circuit & nonlinear circuit. 2. "Although Superposition Principle can be used to determine voltage and current in a linear circuit, it cannot be used to determine power." --- Elucidate the statement. 3. Why an independent voltage source is deactivated by short circuiting it and an independent current source is deactivated by open circuiting it? 4. Find analytically the current I using for E1 = 5 volts, E2= 7 volts and R1, R2, R3 at their values recorded in the observation of the Table shown.