FIT Corporation's return on net operating assets (RNOA) is 10% and its tax rate is 40%. Its net operating assets ($4MM) are financed entirely by common shareholder's equity. Management is considering its options to finance an expansion costing $2MM. It expects return on net operating assets to remain unchanged. There are two alternatives to finance the expansion:

1. Issue $1MM bonds with 12% coupon, and $1MM common stock.

2. Issue $2MM bonds with 12% coupon.

Required:

a. Determine net operating income after tax (NOPAT) and net income for each alternative.

b. Compute return on common shareholder's equity for each alternative (use ending equity).

c. Calculate the assets-to-equity ratio for each alternative.

d. Compute return on net operating assets and explain how the level of leverage interacts with it in helping determine which alternative management should pursue.