Flexibility is high when the cost of changing strategic choices is low; flexibility is low when the cost of changing strategic choices is high. Case Study between vertical integration and flexibility: ZARA Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer known for its fast-fashion business model. Zara has grown into one of the world's largest fashion retailers Zara vertically integrates various stages of its supply chain, from design and manufacturing to distribution and retail. This integration allows Zara to exert greater control over its operations and respond quickly to changing market demands. Zara can respond quickly to fashion trends, reduce lead times, and adapt to seasonal variations in demand