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Flint residents were told that by running (flushing) their tap water for about 45 seconds, the lead levels in the water will drop significantly. The
Flint residents were told that by running (flushing) their tap water for about 45 seconds, the lead levels in the water will drop significantly.
The file titled Flint_Water_2.xlsx contains data on the lead levels in tap water for the homes for the initial draw and then for the draw from the same source after 45 seconds of flushing the water.
Did the average lead level reduce significantly after 45 seconds? Test this at 5% and 1% level of significance.
- State the null and alternate Hypotheses. Make sure that your hypotheses are clear and unambiguous.
- What is the p-value?
- Did the average lead level reduce significantly at 5% level of significance? Why or why not?
- Did the average lead level reduce significantly at 1% level of significance? Why or why not?
- Please explain your findings in a clear language intended for a non-technical audience. Should the Flint residents be running their tap water for 45 seconds prior to drinking it?
SampleID | Zip Code | Ward | Pb Bottle 1 (ppb) - First Draw | Pb Bottle 2 (ppb) - 45 secs flushing |
1 | 48504 | 6 | 0.344 | 0.226 |
2 | 48507 | 9 | 8.133 | 10.77 |
4 | 48504 | 1 | 1.111 | 0.11 |
5 | 48507 | 8 | 8.007 | 7.446 |
6 | 48505 | 3 | 1.951 | 0.048 |
7 | 48507 | 9 | 7.2 | 1.4 |
8 | 48507 | 9 | 40.63 | 9.726 |
9 | 48503 | 5 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
12 | 48507 | 9 | 10.6 | 1.038 |
13 | 48505 | 3 | 6.2 | 4.2 |
15 | 48507 | 9 | 4.358 | 0.822 |
16 | 48505 | 5 | 24.37 | 8.796 |
17 | 48505 | 2 | 6.609 | 5.752 |
18 | 48503 | 7 | 4.062 | 1.099 |
19 | 48507 | 9 | 2.484 | 0.72 |
20 | 48507 | 9 | 0.438 | 1.046 |
21 | 48503 | 5 | 1.29 | 0.243 |
22 | 48504 | 6 | 0.548 | 0.622 |
23 | 48504 | 2 | 3.131 | 0.674 |
24 | 48504 | 6 | 120 | 239.7 |
25 | 48505 | 1 | 2.911 | 0.406 |
26 | 48505 | 5 | 16.52 | 10.26 |
27 | 48505 | 1 | 1.984 | 1.13 |
28 | 48503 | 7 | 5.367 | 2.474 |
29 | 48504 | 2 | 5.5 | 8.4 |
30 | 48506 | 4 | 0.639 | 0.223 |
31 | 48503 | 7 | 6.087 | 28.87 |
31 | 48503 | 7 | 10.32 | 13.47 |
33 | 48503 | 6 | 66.88 | 2.662 |
34 | 48505 | 1 | 20.41 | 3.543 |
35 | 48504 | 6 | 109.6 | 80.47 |
36 | 48503 | 8 | 5.06 | 3.406 |
37 | 48504 | 2 | 2.774 | 0.21 |
38 | 48505 | 3 | 4.453 | 3.679 |
39 | 48505 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
40 | 48529 | 9 | 0.974 | 0.142 |
41 | 48505 | 5 | 3.228 | 2.534 |
42 | 48505 | 2 | 12.55 | 4.132 |
43 | 48505 | 3 | 0.501 | 0.156 |
44 | 48504 | 2 | 2.448 | 0.373 |
45 | 48505 | 3 | 5.508 | 5.157 |
46 | 48504 | 6 | 1.293 | 0.441 |
47 | 48505 | 1 | 4.699 | 1.395 |
48 | 48504 | 6 | 6.093 | 2.682 |
49 | 48504 | 2 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
50 | 48503 | 5 | 1.626 | 1.332 |
51 | 48507 | 8 | 2.576 | 2.852 |
52 | 48504 | 1 | 2.362 | 0.467 |
53 | 48503 | 5 | 1.585 | 0.494 |
54 | 48506 | 4 | 3.058 | 1.808 |
55 | 48506 | 4 | 2.423 | 0.393 |
56 | 48503 | 8 | 30.91 | 42.58 |
57 | 48503 | 8 | 4.47 | 3.649 |
58 | 48505 | 1 | 2.172 | 1.76 |
59 | 48505 | 3 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
63 | 48503 | 5 | 0.965 | 0.166 |
65 | 48505 | 1 | 7.636 | 5.206 |
66 | 48506 | 3 | 3.158 | 1.948 |
67 | 48503 | 7 | 105.3 | 12.84 |
68 | 48506 | 3 | 4.476 | 0.355 |
69 | 48504 | 1 | 2.828 | 6.694 |
71 | 48503 | 5 | 2.481 | 3.86 |
72 | 48507 | 5 | 11.52 | 0.288 |
73 | 48507 | 8 | 3.784 | 0.292 |
74 | 48503 | 5 | 1.344 | 0.729 |
75 | 48504 | 6 | 11.93 | 9.645 |
76 | 48507 | 9 | 10.96 | 7.744 |
77 | 48504 | 6 | 3.341 | 0.555 |
78 | 48503 | 5 | 1.229 | 1.192 |
79 | 48503 | 6 | 6.3 | 1.1 |
79 | 48503 | 6 | 5.153 | 0.385 |
80 | 48504 | 6 | 6.054 | 0.927 |
82 | 48504 | 2 | 31.14 | 4.73 |
83 | 48504 | 6 | 102.7 | 9.894 |
84 | 48504 | 2 | 1.38 | 3.734 |
85 | 48505 | 3 | 1.132 | 2.17 |
87 | 48507 | 9 | 3.232 | 2.989 |
88 | 48532 | 8 | 0.507 | 2.315 |
90 | 48506 | 4 | 8.561 | 5.141 |
91 | 48505 | 3 | 9.997 | 0.983 |
92 | 48504 | 1 | 4.152 | 0.758 |
93 | 48504 | 2 | 75.82 | 11.65 |
95 | 48506 | 4 | 138.8 | 2.745 |
96 | 48507 | 9 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
97 | 48504 | 2 | 7.244 | 1051 |
98 | 48506 | 3 | 1.621 | 0.3 |
99 | 48505 | 1 | 1.032 | 0.363 |
100 | 48504 | 2 | 0.866 | 0.292 |
101 | 48504 | 2 | 2.525 | 0.59 |
102 | 48505 | 5 | 9.408 | 4.444 |
103 | 48505 | 0 | 0.739 | 4.883 |
104 | 48505 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
105 | 48504 | 2 | 1.403 | 0.142 |
106 | 48503 | 8 | 5.655 | 5.882 |
107 | 48505 | 2 | 31.06 | 8.578 |
108 | 48506 | 4 | 1.469 | 0.291 |
109 | 48505 | 1 | 23.85 | 2.301 |
110 | 48505 | 2 | 9.766 | 11.13 |
111 | 48505 | 1 | 4.69 | 0.953 |
112 | 48505 | 3 | 4.066 | 5.894 |
113 | 48505 | 1 | 0.846 | 0.455 |
114 | 48505 | 1 | 2.054 | 3.978 |
115 | 48506 | 7 | 3.744 | 5.592 |
116 | 48507 | 9 | 12.9 | 2.202 |
117 | 48505 | 1 | 0.543 | 0.183 |
118 | 48503 | 7 | 6.877 | 2.984 |
119 | 48505 | 1 | 0.552 | 0.19 |
121 | 48506 | 3 | 59 | 2.9 |
122 | 48506 | 4 | 0.349 | 0.13 |
123 | 48506 | 4 | 4.764 | 1.388 |
124 | 48506 | 4 | 0.832 | 0.284 |
125 | 48506 | 4 | 1.224 | 0.568 |
126 | 48507 | 9 | 15.9 | 3.7 |
127 | 48506 | 4 | 5.667 | 1.405 |
128 | 48506 | 4 | 3.564 | 2.767 |
129 | 48506 | 4 | 0.475 | 0.2 |
130 | 48507 | 9 | 5.3 | 0.5 |
131 | 48506 | 4 | 1.166 | 0.736 |
132 | 48506 | 4 | 0.684 | 0.306 |
133 | 48503 | 8 | 6.347 | 1.724 |
134 | 48507 | 9 | 10.56 | 5.672 |
135 | 48502 | 5 | 2.273 | 2.808 |
136 | 48505 | 1 | 1.571 | 1.265 |
137 | 48503 | 8 | 5.402 | 4.196 |
138 | 48504 | 6 | 43.19 | 7.688 |
139 | 48503 | 8 | 1.492 | 1.409 |
140 | 48503 | 5 | 66.24 | 17.75 |
141 | 48505 | 1 | 1.799 | 0.032 |
142 | 48503 | 8 | 1.861 | 1.355 |
143 | 48503 | 8 | 2.672 | 2.001 |
144 | 48505 | 1 | 3.741 | 1.211 |
145 | 48506 | 4 | 1.934 | 0.374 |
146 | 48506 | 4 | 27.05 | 0.902 |
147 | 48506 | 4 | 1.174 | 0.291 |
148 | 48507 | 9 | 2.325 | 1.099 |
149 | 48506 | 4 | 1.966 | 0.253 |
150 | 48506 | 4 | 1.959 | 0.438 |
151 | 48506 | 4 | 0.823 | 1.881 |
152 | 48506 | 4 | 11.2 | 7.553 |
153 | 48504 | 2 | 5.668 | 3.341 |
154 | 48506 | 4 | 6.261 | 1.316 |
155 | 48506 | 4 | 4.797 | 1.594 |
156 | 48506 | 4 | 0.64 | 0.905 |
158 | 48507 | 9 | 8.713 | 2.799 |
159 | 48507 | 9 | 2.544 | 1.099 |
161 | 48507 | 9 | 0.41 | 0.096 |
162 | 48503 | 7 | 32.85 | 35.76 |
163 | 48503 | 7 | 12.87 | 14.87 |
164 | 48503 | 8 | 38.02 | 38.7 |
165 | 48507 | 9 | 2.435 | 8.183 |
166 | 48507 | 9 | 2.997 | 1.867 |
167 | 48507 | 9 | 11 | 10.53 |
168 | 48507 | 9 | 6.219 | 12.33 |
169 | 48503 | 8 | 8.8 | 3.1 |
170 | 48504 | 6 | 8.071 | 0.947 |
171 | 48507 | 9 | 3.262 | 0.453 |
172 | 48503 | 8 | 2.267 | 0.541 |
173 | 48505 | 3 | 0.922 | 0.878 |
174 | 48504 | 6 | 27.02 | 31.25 |
176 | 48503 | 8 | 0.906 | 0.961 |
177 | 48507 | 9 | 2.85 | 6.862 |
178 | 48504 | 2 | 1.852 | 0.472 |
179 | 48506 | 4 | 5.35 | 1.328 |
180 | 48503 | 7 | 25.21 | 4.337 |
182 | 48504 | 6 | 15.55 | 3.962 |
183 | 48506 | 4 | 0.793 | 0.533 |
184 | 48506 | 4 | 5.068 | 0.683 |
185 | 48507 | 8 | 26.64 | 8.878 |
186 | 48506 | 4 | 1.867 | 0.165 |
189 | 48506 | 4 | 19.16 | 12.54 |
191 | 48503 | 5 | 28.7 | 12.7 |
192 | 48507 | 9 | 20.22 | 8.908 |
193 | 48507 | 8 | 2.9 | 0.6 |
194 | 48503 | 7 | 18.86 | 5.051 |
195 | 48507 | 9 | 2.816 | 0.324 |
196 | 48506 | 3 | 118.4 | 40.78 |
197 | 48506 | 3 | 27.45 | 0.939 |
198 | 48503 | 7 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
200 | 48506 | 4 | 4.681 | 0.755 |
201 | 48506 | 3 | 11.57 | 6.08 |
202 | 48532 | 8 | 6.557 | 0.289 |
203 | 48505 | 3 | 3.4 | 9.6 |
204 | 48504 | 6 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
205 | 48507 | 8 | 158 | 90.83 |
206 | 48506 | 4 | 0.977 | 0.47 |
207 | 48503 | 8 | 8.471 | 4.692 |
208 | 48507 | 9 | 11.47 | 23.15 |
209 | 48503 | 7 | 5.228 | 2.477 |
210 | 48507 | 9 | 0.956 | 0.196 |
211 | 48504 | 6 | 1.671 | 0.405 |
212 | 48507 | 9 | 1.152 | 0.708 |
213 | 48507 | 9 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
214 | 48503 | 5 | 10.74 | 2.331 |
215 | 48507 | 9 | 3.9 | 0.4 |
216 | 48507 | 9 | 2.149 | 0.368 |
217 | 48506 | 4 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
218 | 48507 | 9 | 7.087 | 9.467 |
219 | 48505 | 1 | 1.329 | 0.609 |
220 | 48507 | 9 | 6.2 | 0.7 |
221 | 48505 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.26 |
222 | 48503 | 8 | 9.3 | 9.7 |
223 | 48504 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.2 |
224 | 48505 | 1 | 4.563 | 3.106 |
225 | 48504 | 2 | 4.808 | 6.196 |
226 | 48504 | 2 | 0.753 | 2.526 |
227 | 48505 | 1 | 1.862 | 1.213 |
228 | 48503 | 7 | 1.183 | 0.366 |
229 | 48503 | 7 | 8.2 | 3.2 |
230 | 48504 | 6 | 3.679 | 0.498 |
231 | 48505 | 1 | 2.37 | 7.333 |
234 | 48504 | 2 | 0.828 | 1.318 |
235 | 48503 | 7 | 0.719 | 0.254 |
236 | 48504 | 1 | 2.822 | 1.221 |
237 | 48504 | 8 | 2.867 | 0.723 |
238 | 48503 | 7 | 2.332 | 3.588 |
240 | 48503 | 8 | 4.401 | 2.111 |
241 | 48504 | 6 | 2.708 | 2.238 |
242 | 48504 | 6 | 34.13 | 6.002 |
243 | 48503 | 7 | 5.218 | 2.614 |
244 | 48503 | 7 | 15.73 | 13.95 |
245 | 48504 | 6 | 3.045 | 2.744 |
246 | 48503 | 7 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
247 | 48503 | 7 | 1.386 | 0.288 |
248 | 48504 | 6 | 0.915 | 0.354 |
249 | 48504 | 6 | 2.145 | 0.345 |
250 | 48507 | 8 | 4.056 | 0.547 |
251 | 48503 | 7 | 1.668 | 1.508 |
252 | 48503 | 7 | 7.575 | 1.362 |
253 | 48507 | 8 | 5.59 | 4.306 |
254 | 48503 | 5 | 0.708 | 0.326 |
255 | 48504 | 6 | 1.701 | 4.397 |
256 | 48504 | 6 | 1.467 | 0.149 |
258 | 48504 | 2 | 2.582 | 259.8 |
259 | 48505 | 2 | 22.08 | 15.86 |
260 | 48507 | 8 | 16.51 | 2.024 |
262 | 48507 | 8 | 56.26 | 4.692 |
263 | 48504 | 6 | 2.433 | 1.334 |
264 | 48503 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
265 | 48504 | 6 | 29.13 | 11.57 |
266 | 48505 | 1 | 12.3 | 0.5 |
267 | 48504 | 6 | 3.445 | 0.29 |
268 | 48507 | 9 | 16.49 | 12.83 |
269 | 48503 | 7 | 3.365 | 2.45 |
270 | 48503 | 7 | 1.154 | 0.176 |
271 | 48507 | 9 | 13.53 | 21.91 |
272 | 48504 | 6 | 2.229 | 1.573 |
273 | 48503 | 7 | 28.91 | 5.471 |
274 | 48503 | 7 | 6.601 | 1.929 |
275 | 48507 | 9 | 0.948 | 0.27 |
276 | 48505 | 3 | 3.484 | 0.434 |
278 | 48503 | 7 | 1.888 | 0.359 |
279 | 48503 | 7 | 13.95 | 12.2 |
280 | 48504 | 6 | 6.27 | 4.036 |
281 | 48506 | 7 | 19.12 | 22.02 |
282 | 48507 | 9 | 1.633 | 0.465 |
283 | 48503 | 7 | 1.114 | 0.605 |
284 | 48503 | 7 | 3.9 | 0.558 |
285 | 48504 | 1 | 3.521 | 0.45 |
286 | 48507 | 9 | 3.832 | 0.794 |
287 | 48505 | 3 | 3.243 | 0.738 |
289 | 48503 | 7 | 0.99 | 0.25 |
290 | 48507 | 9 | 1.203 | 19.26 |
291 | 48506 | 3 | 2.261 | 0.102 |
292 | 48503 | 4 | 16.99 | 6.32 |
293 | 48503 | 7 | 3.322 | 2.559 |
294 | 48506 | 4 | 14.33 | 1.284 |
295 | 48503 | 7 | 18.11 | 20.21 |
296 | 48503 | 7 | 12.81 | 7.874 |
298 | 48503 | 7 | 1.083 | 0.322 |
299 | 48503 | 7 | 29.59 | 3.258 |
300 | 48505 | 1 | 4.287 | 4.345 |
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