For a producer with high energy costs, major oil prices change the cost structure, result in higher selling prices, and, if the company is energy inefficient compared to other producers, result in a change in competitive position. Conversely, when oil prices drop it is a bonanza for heavy fuel users such as airlines.

A decrease in the number of young prospective employees entering the labor market can contribute to a tighter job market. High unemployment rates can have the opposite effect.

Inflation, especially at high or uncertain rates, makes it more difficult to predict both the cost of production and the market demand.