For about seven years, Ellen and Carlos have been working for Stone Eagle at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Ellen has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Carlos compares himself to different managers, such as Jada, who works for Stone Eagle's competitor in a similar work position. Carlos feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Stone Eagle. From Carlos's view in this situation, Ellen is an Multiple Choice external comparison. intrinsic motivator. internal comparison. emotional cue. extrinsic motivator