For each of the 9 scenarios:

• Determine whether reasonable suspicion or probable cause applies.
• Justify your determination.

Scenario 1: A police officer sees a vehicle leaving an alley which is a known narcotics area. Each week, police officers make several arrests in this alley. The officer stops the vehicle, contacts the driver, and retrieves his ID. The officer asks the subject why he was in that area. The subject states, "It's none of your business." While standing at the vehicle's window, the officer notices a plastic bag on the passenger floorboard with what appears to be a white powdery substance. The officer orders the driver out of his vehicle, handcuffs him, and detains him in her police vehicle. Later the substance was determined to be powder cocaine.

Scenario 2: A police officer sees a vehicle leaving an alley which is a known narcotics area. Each week, police officers make several arrests in this alley. The officer stops the vehicle, contacts the driver, and retrieves his ID. The officer asks the subject why he was in that area. The subject states, "I was visiting a friend and got lost." The officer asks the subject to step out of the car. While doing a pat down frisk for weapons (officer safety), the officer finds a loaded handgun tucked inside the subject's waist band. The officer arrests the subject for felony possession of a firearm.

Scenario 3: A police officer sees a vehicle leaving an alley which is a known narcotics area. Each week, police officers make several arrests in this alley. While leaving the area, the subjects fails to stop at a stop sign and proceeds through. The officer stops the vehicle, contacts the driver, and retrieves his ID. The officer asks the subject why he was in that area. The subject states, "I was visiting a friend and got lost." The officer decides to search the vehicle for narcotics. He asks the driver whether he can search his car. The driver says, "No." The officer searches it anyway and finds a bag of narcotics on the back seat. He arrests the driver for possession of narcotics and writes him a citation for going through the stop sign.

Scenario 4: An officer finds a man wandering behind a building at midnight. The officer also notes a window has been broken in the back of the building where the subject was standing. The officer suspects this man broke the window to gain entry. She arrests the subject. While searching the subject, the officer finds narcotics in his pocket. She arrests him for attempted burglary and possession of narcotics.

Scenario 5: A woman walks down a shopping aisle in a retail store and picks up an item. She turns the corner, and the item is missing.

Scenario 6: An officer is following a car on the highway and sees the car "weaving" in the lane from white line to yellow dotted line.

Scenario 7: Two police officers are on a stakeout. They see two men running out of a gas station. The men get in separate cars and drive away. The officers determine a robbery occurred at the gas station. They put out a verbal broadcast to all units. A pair of patrol officers believe they see a car matching the description. They pull the vehicle over and arrest the driver for robbery.

Scenario 8: A game warden is patrolling at night for poachers. The warden sees a pickup truck come out of the woods. The officer follows the car and gets close enough to see a smear of blood on the bumper.

Scenario 9: Two undercover gang officers spot two subjects in a known gang area. They have been looking for one of the men who is wanted for murder. The killer has a tattoo of the devil on his right shoulder. The officers stop the two subjects and search them. The officers ask the subjects to remove their shirts. One of the subjects has a tattoo of the devil on his shoulder. The officers arrest this man for murder.