For each of the following issues, indicate whether the price of the issue should be par value, above par value, or below par value:

Issue Coupon Rate Yield Required by Market

a. A 5 1 4% 7.25%

b. B 6 5 8% 7.15%

c. C 0% 6.20%

d. D 5 7 8% 5.00%

e. E 4 1 2% 4.50%