For each of the following scenarios, identify dependent and independent variables, and write the hypothesis of interest specified in bold.

a. Researchers were interested in evaluating if a new intervention would improve coping among patients suffering from a severe condition. They measured coping ability as a continuous variable in a group of participants who were randomly assigned to a cognitive-behavioral telephone therapy (CBTT) intervention or control group. Write null hypothesis for this study.

Dependent variable:

Independent variable:

Hypothesis:

b. A researcher wishes to assess the effectiveness of relaxation instruction upon subsequent self-reported chronic back pain, measured using a validated scale. She selects 25 patients from those admitted to a clinic during the month of January who report extreme back pain and measures them both before and after they receive relaxation instruction. Write directional alternative hypothesis for this study.

Dependent variable:

Independent variable:

Hypothesis:

c. A hospital introduces a new order-entry system and wishes to study the impact of this intervention on the number of medication-related adverse events before and after the intervention.Write non-directional alternative hypothesis for this study.

Dependent variable:

Independent variable:

Hypothesis: