For each of the following schemes, explain the pricing strategy. Is price discrimination involved? If so, how? What does the firm hope to achieve and how does the strategy help achieve it?

1. Many magazines offer multi-year subscriptions at a lower rate than one-year subscriptions.
2. Some firms offer coupons which give a discount on price.
3. Some firms offer loyalty programs (e.g. frequent flyer plans, reward points, etc.).