For each study description below, identify the data collection technique and the research design that were used.

Researchers (Banks & Landau, 2021) were interested in the effects of exposure to microaggressions (automatic and often unintentional behaviors that are insulting to or invalidating of another person) on cognitive functioning in Black college students. In their study, groups of Black college students heard either racially microaggressive or benign remarks from a white experimenter. They then completed a Stroop color-naming task to measure cognitive resources. Cognitive resource depletion is shown by slower naming of font colors of contrasting color words (e.g., the word green printed in orange) in the Stroop task relative to baseline control words (e.g., the word house printed in orange). The results of the study showed that the women who heard the microaggressive remarks had more cognitive depletion on the Stroop task than the women in the control group, suggesting that there are negative cognitive effects of exposure to microaggressions on college students. Data collection technique:

Research design:

In a study that examined links between vaping and family conflict, adolescents completed surveys twice about their use of e-cigarettes and levels of family conflict (Finan et al., 2022). The results showed that higher levels of family conflict reported on the first survey were related to a greater likelihood of e-cigarette use on the second survey that was taken 6 months later. Data collection techniques:

Research design:

What type of relationship was found in the results of this study?

Researchers (Assefi & Garry, 2003) were interested in the effects of the belief that one has consumed alcohol on cognition. In particular, they tested whether a belief that subjects had consumed alcohol during the study would increase their susceptibility to memory errors. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group, they were told the drink they consumed had contained alcohol (with some alcohol rubbed on the outside of the glass for realism). In the other group, they were told the drink did not contain alcohol. All participants then saw a slide show of a crime (shoplifting). After a short delay, participants then read a description of the crime that contained errors. After another short delay, they answered questions about the slides they had seen and were asked to rate their confidence in their answers. Participants told they drank alcohol made more errors in their answers and were more confident in their responses. Data collection technique:

Research design: