For questions 54-60, refer to the following study and the accompanying SAS output:A study was conducted on 60 patients to examine the analgesic effects of treatments on elderly patients with neuralgia. Two test treatments and a placebo were compared. The response variable is whether the patient reported pain or not.LettersA, B, C, D, andEindicate missing numbers from the SAS output.Researchers recorded the following variables:

PAIN: patient reported pain (1=yes, 0=no)

TX: treatment (2=test treatment A, 1=test treatment B, 0=placebo)

AGE: age of the patient when the treatment began (in years)

SEX: sex (1=male, 0=female)

DURATION: duration of complaint before the treatment began (in months)

54.What type of analysis is this?

a.ANCOVA

b.Linear regression

c.Logistic regression

d.One-way ANOVA

e.Two-way ANOVA

55.What is the value of the test statistic for the omnibus null hypothesis H₀?

a.14.45

b.25.67

c.32.77

d.Any of the above

e.None of the above

56.Using a 0.05 significance level, what decision and conclusion should you make regarding the omnibus null hypothesis?

a.Becausep-value < 0.05, we reject H₀and conclude that all of the independent variables are significant factors associated with reporting pain.

b.Becausep-value < 0.05, we reject H₀and conclude that none of the independent variables are significant factors associated with reporting pain.

c.Because p-value < 0.05, we reject H₀and conclude that at least one of the independent variables is a significant factor associated with reporting pain.

d.Becausep-value < 0.05, we fail to reject H₀and conclude that all of the independent variables are significant factors associated with reporting pain.

e.Becausep-value < 0.05, we fail to reject H₀and conclude that none of the independent variables are significant factors associated with reporting pain.

57.Are there any reference cells in this problem? If so, what are they?

a.No, there are no reference cells.

b.Yes, reference cell is younger age.

c.Yes, reference cells are treatment A and male.

d.Yes, reference cells are placebo and female.

e.Both b and c

f.Both b and d

58.How many dummy variables need to be included in the model for TX?

a.3

b.2

c.1

d.0

e.Cannot be determined from the given information

59.What is the estimated odds ratio for reporting pain for a 65-year-old compared to a 60-year-old, controlling for all other variables in the model?

a.0.26

b.1.30

c.1.69

d.3.71

e.7.30

60.Given the estimated odds of reporting pain for a 65-year-old male in treatment group A with a complaint duration of 14 days is 0.165, what is the corresponding risk of reporting pain?

a.0.03

b.0.14

c.0.17

d.1.18

e.1.80